Air Transportation history Free Essays

Since the creation of planes barely any decades back, air voyaging has gotten celebrated among explorers. At the point when the air transportation was first presented in 1903 by the Wright Brothers, numerous individuals couldn't travel utilizing it since it was costly. Yet, following barely any decades, innovation has improved and air transportation is as a rule broadly utilized all around the globe. We will compose a custom article test on Air Transportation history or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now The vast majority of the nations has manufactured air terminals and has their own carrier organizations. Today, because of contention among aircraft organizations air voyaging has gotten a lot less expensive. Accordingly, modest air voyaging has favorable circumstances and weaknesses for us, our nation and to the world. Right off the bat, the principle advantage of modest air travel is that it is modest. So it permits all the individuals to go the world over. Those days just the rich individuals could utilize air voyaging, however now even the standard individuals additionally can utilize it to travel, seek after their investigations, work together, and go for a get-away. It isn't amazing that the vast majority wish to venture out to far off land, a nation far away yet voyaging cost loads of cash. So the individuals need to reevaluate their itinerary items since flight rates are too high in those days. Today, because of rivalry among aircraft organizations, they are offering modest flight rates that purchasers like us could bear. It additionally keeps up significant distance relationship. Before the IT innovation is created, air transportation is the main alternative individuals who live on the opposite end the world stay in contact with their friends and family. Albeit modest air make a trip permits everyone to travel, planes causes air contamination and sound contamination. Since planes consumes hydrocarbon fuel, it discharges ozone depleting substances, for example, carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides. The ozone harming substances causes a dangerous atmospheric devation and the impacts of an Earth-wide temperature boost is polar ice tops softening, expanded likelihood and power of dry spells and warmth waves, hotter waters and more typhoons, spread of ailments and financial outcomes. Planes likewise causes sound contamination which impacts hearing weakness, hypertension, heart sicknesses and inconvenience rest unsettling influence. Besides, the odds of enduring when a plane accident is lower than some other transportation. Likewise, the greater part of the air terminals are work outside of the city,so once the individuals get off the plane, they despite everything need to head out to arrive at the city. At long last, modest air travel additionally spares time. Some time in the past individuals travel utilizing ponies, camels, elephants, pontoons and ships yet it takes days to arrive at a spot. Presently, air venture out encourages us to arrive at a far spot or nation just in hours. Other than that, air transportation enerates right around 32 million employments yearly and contributes very nearly 7. 5 percents of the world’s GDP which is an enormous benefit. In addition, air transportation is the quickest overall vehicle framework which is one the key factor of financial development. All in all, modest air travel sets aside time and cash for the individuals and builds the monetary development in our natio n despite the fact that it causes air contamination. Along these lines, the legislature should some answer for kill the ozone depleting substances discharged via planes which causes worldwide housewarming. Step by step instructions to refer to Air Transportation history, Essay models

Analyzing ‘The Fool’ As Used By Jaques

Examining ‘The Fool’ As Used By Jaques In Shakespeare’s As You Like It, Jaques is a static, despairing character who persistently wants to stay expelled from the lack of caution of adoration, wishing he could express his genuine thoughts without reprehension. Rather than a large portion of different characters, who take advantage of chances for change, Jaques, generally, effectively opposes the enchantment of the Forest of Arden. His utilization of the word â€Å"fool† is telling. He much of the time utilizes the term ‘fool’ to depict others, for example, Orlando and Touchstone, for seeking after affection. Likewise, the post of a blockhead in court interests him, for such nitwits are permitted to express their genuine thoughts without result †a capacity that Jaques wants. In the end an inversion of conditions renders Jaques the numb-skull, which makes his obstinate character give way and perceive the benefits of adoration and friendly discourse. This article shows how the word and job of à ¢â‚¬Å"fool† both reinforce and humble Jaques. Jaques utilizes â€Å"fool† every now and again in Act II, scene vii, where it only portrays the calling of a court entertainer. Such a simpleton can say anything he wishes in light of the fact that anyway wry or gnawing his announcements towards others may be, they could be deciphered as joke and pardoned. He talks with Duke Senior about how he â€Å"met an idiot i’ th’ forest,† and how he wants to be a bonehead so he may â€Å"blow on whom he please,† or scrutinize whomever he needs to without outcome. Be that as it may, he changes the significance of the job of the moron that he wishes to play from a hopeful one, to one progressively dim and overwhelming of direction. The jokester in the timberland was considering commonly about fortune and the progression of time, though if Jaques somehow happened to be able to talk openly, he would â€Å"Cleanse the foul collection of th’ contaminated world,/If they will persistently get [his] medicine. † By expressing his craving to ‘purge the universe of its infections,’ he pollutes the reason for the numb-skull from that of basically making a circumstance progressively carefree to ‘lifting the world from its wrongdoings.’ Although the objects are comparable †changing a negative circumstance into a positive one †Jaques decides to word the motivation behind a buffoon so that a negative viewpoint of the world is underlined; the words â€Å"foul body o th’ tainted world† loans a resounding picture of discharge and rotting substance, which one would not normally partner with a court fool. Jaques likewise recommends prevalence of thoroughly considered the particular idiot that he met in the woodland by deriding the fool’s insight. He snickered for an hour â€Å"sans intermission† in the wake of hearing the insightful insights of the numb-skull, and later thinks about the fool’s cerebrum to an ocean bread that has been dried after a journey, having â€Å"strange places cramm’d/With perception, which he vents/in ravaged forms,† or having a clutter of musings which he neglects to introduce reasonably. By recommending the foolishness of the dolt in the woodland, Jaques inalienably infers that he gets himself progressively clever, thus further legitimizes his idea propensities of harping on the negative; presently, in addition to the fact that he views the world as an increasingly negative spot, however feels that he is on the whole correct to think so and those that think in any case are not as brilliant as he. To guarantee he doesn't con trast he own insight with that of the fool’s, he accentuates his craving to wear the apparel of a simpleton: a â€Å"motley coat,† or interwoven outfit. By wishing to just dress as an idiot, he achieves the option to free discourse without bargaining his suppositions and ‘sinking’ to a degree of insight where he would keep up the unintelligible considerations of the dolt he met. In Act III, scene ii, Jaques’ utilization of the term â€Å"fool† shifts during a discussion with Orlando. He at first offers Orlando to sit with him and â€Å"rail against our special lady the world, and all our misery,† or whine about the condition of the world. At the point when Orlando will not sit with Jaques, Jaques reacts, â€Å"The most exceedingly awful deficiency you have is to be in love,† and later, further puts down Orlando by tending to him as â€Å"Signior Love.† Jaques has clarified that he relates Orlando unequivocally with Orlando’s distraction with affection, and considers ineffectively Orlando for it. Without a doubt, he states, â€Å"By my troth, I was looking for a moron when I discovered you,† Jaques may have been searching for a â€Å"fool† as in a court jokester, however upon its relationship with Orlando, the significance of the word changes from that of an entertainer to that of ‘one who has an i nadequacy in sense and understanding.’ Again, with the guide of the word â€Å"fool,† Jacques has laughed at the standards of adoration. In any case, the idea of Orlando’s answers stings Jaques. Orlando expresses that the nitwit Jaques was looking for has â€Å"drown’d in the brook,† and if Jaques somehow managed to glance in, he should discover the idiot. At the point when Jaques answers he would see just his appearance, Orlando proceeds, â€Å"Which I take to be either a dolt or a cipher.† He can't suffer being known as a simpleton and leaves suddenly. Abruptly, his methods for fortifying his despairing has sold out him; he has utilized the term â€Å"fool† for his potential benefit so far and despondently ended up to be the subject at which it is coordinated. Through this inversion of who is called, â€Å"fool,† Jaques’ prevalence complex is held in line, and despite the fact that he keeps on calling such sweethearts as Orlando, â€Å"fools,† he additionally shows black out acknowledgment of the thinking behind the quest for adoration. In the last scene, Act V, scene iv, when Touchstone and Audrey enter the wedding scene, he comments, â€Å"There is certain another flood toward, and these couples are going to the ark.† He analyzes the sweethearts to a couple of creatures looking for the safe house of Noah’s ark, perceiving the ‘flood’ of ever-present risks that live outside of the woodland: defilement, scorn, and the vindictive, moving toward armed force of Duke Frederick. He likewise perceives the ‘shelter from the storm’ that marriage may give; it would permit them to concentrate on an increasingly cozy and cherishing partner and occupy them from the dangers that lie in the outside world. In any case, such acknowledgment is brief, and he ousts any gleam of compassion he may have had for the darlings with his next sentence, â€Å"Here comes a couple of peculiar mammoths, which in all tongues are call’d fools.† Even however he has transparently noticed the wellb eing which marriage would give, he continues to articulate the imprudence of the quest for affection, and wonders about the ‘strangeness’ of the couple. Such a supposition suggests, that Jaques would incline toward the tempest of the outside world than the place of refuge that affection gives, reconfirming Jaques’ negative disposition and his inclination for a perspective in which the feelings of dread of the world are not overlooked, yet straightforwardly perceived and grasped. All through the remainder of the scene, Jaques shows proof of both keeping up his abhorrence for affection and perceiving its benefits, yet he keeps on utilizing â€Å"fool† to fortify his prevalence of thought. Tending to Duke Senior concerning Touchstone, Jaques comments â€Å"Is not this an uncommon individual, my ruler? He’s on a par with anything, but then a fool.† Since Touchstone is both a dolt by calling and a simpleton to Jaques since he is enamored, Jaques’ line can be deciphered with the utilization of the two implications of â€Å"fool†: ‘he’s out of this world shrewd, despite the fact that he is just a jester,’ and ‘he’s unbelievably keen, yet still stupidly in love.’ Either way, Jaques extends a demeanor of prevalence over Touchstone he puts the regard of the calling beneath that of his own a court fool and infers that an imbecile would not be of practically identical insight to him, and in the u nderstanding where ‘fool’ holds the significance of one in affection, Jaques makes a decision about Touchstone and arranges him as one without estimation and reason. During his flight discourse, his ramifications of predominance are kept up in that he presents blessings on huge numbers of the characters that were not his to give. For example, he ‘bequeaths’ Duke Senior’s previous respect to him, and offers Rosalind to Orlando once more. Be that as it may, he passes this chance to impart his negative insights with others, and rather, talks cheerfully to them. In his re-giving of Rosalind, he says to Orlando, â€Å"You to an affection, that your actual confidence doth merit,† perceiving the greatness of Orlando’s dependability and the integrity that it merits, again perceiving the pleasures and advantages of adoration. He tends to Touchstone amicably also, and fitting to Touchstone’s position as an entertainer, messes with him about the quality of his relationship with Audrey, expressing, â€Å"†¦thy adoring journey/Is yet for two months victuall’d,† implying that his affection for Audrey isn't the sort of profound love that would last past two months. What's more, despite the fact that he despite everything will not participate in affection or the merriments related with it, he withdraws the scene to join Duke Frederick and his gathering of strict proselytes expressing, â€Å"There is a lot matter to be heard and learned [from them].† He leaves the crowd with the feeling that, in spite of the fact that he has not developed to adore, his endurance in his negative viewpoints has been lowered somewhat through his cooperations with different characters. Jaques’ despairing is an object of interest the crowd doesn't have the foggiest idea why he decides to brood over the world the manner in which he does, remaining so single, yet Jaques makes it understood through the us

Ethics and Performance Measures Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Morals and Performance Measures - Research Paper Example It is basic to gauge the degree to which morals are applied, with the goal that the organization gets clever to workers and the network on the loose. Thusly, it win the trust of purchasers, just as increasing more benefits for the association. At the point when an organization figures out how to have a more prominent overall revenue, it has a superior chance to grow and offer more open doors for workers. The indecencies that are underestimated in the organization are the ones that disadvantage the endeavors in the association (Shell, 2009). Exploitative Behavior As A Result of Wrong Performance Measures There are numerous things which lead to the dishonest practices in an association. There is a requirement for consistent checking of the way wherein workers act on the grounds that, on the off chance that they are left all alone, they wind up committing errors because of friend impact or covetousness. In Sparkling Automotive Company, the presidents need to guarantee that there is the estimation of morals and practices of the representatives since inability to beware of the practices can demolish a business that has been operational since 1930. The way that there are no unscrupulous practices displayed by the representatives doesn't imply that the workers are reliable (Arveson, 2002). A large portion of the representatives harbor awful aims or they get affected by degenerate merchants or providers who get to product from the organization in discount. They may offers pay-offs to the individual representatives for some under developments which will cause the organization a great deal of cash. This winds up causing the organization to experience misfortune in light of the fact that the laborers will out any cash to be paid. Contenders utilize the guileless representatives to complete damaging missions, for example, pilfering the strategies utilized in assembling of the fittings; they bring about creation of fake items which influence the outcomes in the business sec tors. Numerous laborers who don't stay quiet of the organization line of creation cause a mark to the organization since they make pointless crack to the creation specialty. At the point when fake items are in surplus in the market, it sets aside the market a hard effort to acknowledge, subsequently, it influences the turnover of the organization (Arveson, 2002). Degenerate methods for cost cutting in the organization where the leaders of the association get pay off to give tenders influence the picture of the organization. This should be checked on the grounds that ignoring such issues just intensifies the circumstance in the association of Sparkling Automotive Company (SAC) (Shell, 2009). At the point when execution measures are attached to pay, it makes a workforce that is driven by the need to make more assets for the organization. This engenders the consolation of dishonest practices due to traded off trustworthiness. In Sparkling Automotive Company, execution estimates fall in to four classes, which are client viewpoint, monetary point of view, inside procedure point of view, and learning and development viewpoint. Every one of these classifications should be followed up on for the organization to prosper in its assembling and deals of plugs in Sparkling Automotive Company. At the point when all degrees of workers in the organization are not associated with the organization exercises relating creation and selling of the fittings, there would be a great deal of fakes that can stifle the running of the association. Conveying the fittings can counter a great deal of hiccups which moderate the

Character Psychology of the Tale of Genji Essay

Character Psychology of the Tale of Genji - Essay Example The delineation of numerous connections in this novel, especially the connection among Genji and Fujitsubo equal a few parts of contemporary mental speculations. The hypothesis of the Oedipus complex advances that guys are innately pulled in to their mom while harboring a feeling of hostility toward their dads. This pressure is unmistakable in numerous occurrences in the novel. A focal inspiration inside the Heian court was for people to introduce a girl to the Emperor or Heir Apparent so as to achieve a higher level of economic wellbeing. In this manner it was run of the mill for the Emperor to take part in polygamous conduct. This procedure permitted his renown to be all the more promptly stretched out among individuals inside the upper privileged (Tyler, 2001, xiii). Notwithstanding the Empress, the Emperor had various Consorts and Intimates. A various leveled structure was set up with Empress holding the most elevated status with the Consorts and Intimates dynamically lower in rank separately. Genji is the hero in Shikibu's epic. As the Emperor's child, Genji was destined to an Intimate that lost her dad and had minimal political influence in the refined circle (Tyler, 2001, xiii). ... In this way Genji serves the Imperial domain as a senior government official (Tyler, 2001, xiii). While the novel contains numerous characters, remembering the ladies for Genji's life, the story profits to a concentration for him. One of the primary subjects in this novel is the idea of Genji's private associations and keeping in mind that he is engaged with various connections, there are repetitive topics that invade the writing. Genji's mom passed on not long after labor and keeping in mind that he came up short on the chance to know her well, he heard that Fujitsubo, his dad's future Empress intently looks like her. Right off the bat in his life, Genji starts to revere her and later he has a cozy contact with her from which their child will along these lines prevail to the seat (Tyler, 2001, xiv). This veneration for the mother figure of Fujitsubo will impact numerous parts of Genji's future connections. While he has relations with Fujitsubo, the nature of their association is both tactful and brief. Genji is baffled at the way that he can't accomplish or have the encapsulation of his wants as Fujitsubo is past his range. Basically, he endeavors to reproduce this unique love in a little youngster, Murasaki, who intently looks like her. Roused by his craving for the mother figure, he by and by grooms Murasaki to fill this job. At the point when she happens to age to wed, they are marry and she turns into the extraordinary love of his life (Tyler, 2001, xiv). Her passing devastatingly affects him. He gets loaded up with abhor as he can't or won't acknowledge the way that he has endure her (Tyler, 2001, p. 761). His longing to live is generally lessened with the demise of the mother figure. Longing too affectionately for a sundown one fall numerous years back, I saw the end come finally in an unfeeling dream at sunrise (Tyler, 2006,

Free Essays on Eating Dissorders in Women After Age 30

Dietary problems in Women after age 30 â€Å"I loathe the way I look!† I am so fat!† I abhor glancing in the mirror!† â€Å"I used to be so slim, why can’t I appear as though I did when I was 20?† These expressions are very recognizable to somebody who has a dietary problem. Dietary problems for the most part influence ladies in their teenagers to mid 20’s. What happens when a lady builds up a dietary problem after age 30 or keeps on confronting this awful sickness that has influenced her since puberty. To completely comprehend what a dietary problem is, it is critical to know the various kinds of dietary issues. Dietary issues are commonly arranged as Bulimia Nervosa, Anorexia Nervosa and Eating Disorders Not Otherwise Specified. Dietary problems are crushing social dysfunctions welcomed on by a variety of components. Enthusiastic and character issue, family pressures, conceivable hereditary or biologic weakness, and a culture where there is a fixation on slimness are on the whole contributing variables to this expending infection (noah.cuny.edu). Bulimia Nervosa is more typical than anorexia and chips away at a pattern of gorging, eating a huge measure of food, and afterward coercively taking out the food, recognized as the demonstration of cleansing. The pattern of eating tremendous amounts of food and afterward spewing or utilizing medications to constrain that food out of the body is alluded to as the â€Å"binge/cleanse cycle† (Sacker and Zimmer 4). The eating gorges normal around 1,000 calories yet can be as high as 20,000 calories or as low as 100. Patients determined to have bulimia normal around 14 scenes for every week. When all is said in done, individuals with bulimia have a typical to high-ordinary body weight, yet it might vary by in excess of 10 pounds as a result of the gorge cleanse cycle (noah.cuny.edu/wellconn/eatdisorders). Bulimia leaves its casualties with a sentiment of mind blowing self-hatred. Patients every now and again depict themselves as â€Å"disgusting pigs.† Anorexia Nervosa was first characterized as... Free Essays on Eating Dissorders in Women After Age 30 Free Essays on Eating Dissorders in Women After Age 30 Dietary problems in Women after age 30 â€Å"I loathe the way I look!† I am so fat!† I detest glancing in the mirror!† â€Å"I used to be so slim, why can’t I seem as though I did when I was 20?† These expressions are very recognizable to somebody who has a dietary problem. Dietary issues by and large influence ladies in their youngsters to mid 20’s. What happens when a lady builds up a dietary problem after age 30 or keeps on confronting this awful ailment that has influenced her since youth. To completely comprehend what a dietary problem is, it is essential to know the various kinds of dietary problems. Dietary problems are commonly arranged as Bulimia Nervosa, Anorexia Nervosa and Eating Disorders Not Otherwise Specified. Dietary issues are annihilating conduct dysfunctions welcomed on by a variety of variables. Enthusiastic and character issue, family pressures, conceivable hereditary or biologic defenselessness, and a culture where there is a fixation on slimness are on the whole contributing variables to this devouring malady (noah.cuny.edu). Bulimia Nervosa is more typical than anorexia and chips away at a pattern of gorging, eating a gigantic measure of food, and afterward coercively dispensing with the food, recognized as the demonstration of cleansing. The pattern of eating immense amounts of food and afterward retching or utilizing medications to constrain that food out of the body is alluded to as the â€Å"binge/cleanse cycle† (Sacker and Zimmer 4). The eating gorges normal around 1,000 calories however can be as high as 20,000 calories or as low as 100. Patients determined to have bulimia normal around 14 scenes for every week. All in all, individuals with bulimia have an ordinary to high-typical body weight, yet it might vary by in excess of 10 pounds due to the gorge cleanse cycle (noah.cuny.edu/wellconn/eatdisorders). Bulimia leaves its casualties with a sentiment of amazing self-hatred. Patients as often as possible depict themselves as â€Å"disgusting pigs.† Anorexia Nervosa was first characterized as...

Faubus, Orval

Faubus, Orval Faubus, Orval ôr ´v?l fô ´b?s [key], 1910â€"94, governor of Arkansas (1955â€"67), b. Combs, Ark. A schoolteacher, he served in World War II and after the war became Arkansas's state highway commissioner. Elected to the governorship after a runoff, Faubus initially pursued a liberal course in office but to combat his political opponents who were staunch segregationists, he adopted a hard-line civil-rights position. In 1957, Faubus gained national attention when he called out the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the integration of Central High School in Little Rock, but he was eventually forced to withdraw the Guard. After rioting broke out, President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent U.S. troops to Little Rock and put the National Guard under federal command in order to ensure the integration of the school. Faubus's political expediency resulted in his repeated reelection as governor but also prevented him from moving into the national political arena. In 1970, 1974, and 1986 he sought r eelection as governor of Arkansas but was unsuccessful in each attempt at a political comeback, the last time losing to Bill Clinton . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Profitability Analysis And Comparison Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

ROCE is a comprehensive profitability indicator because it measures managements ability to generate earnings from a companys total pool of capital. It should always be higher than the rateÂÂ  at whichÂÂ  the company borrows; otherwise any increase in borrowing will reduce shareholders earnings. The ratio at the start of the period is 16.9% and at the end of 2012 it reaches to 19% as compare to 129% that ends up 71%. In this area next plc looks very strong. Though there is decrease in the ratio but it is at advantage here. Return on Share holders Funds (ROSF) Return on Shareholders Fund (ROSF) is the amount of net income returned as a percentage of shareholders equity. It reveals how much profit a company earned in comparison to the total amount of shareholder equity found on the balance sheet. The return ranges from 16% to 19% except a sudden increase to abnormal event as compare to -371% that represent loss and ends up 195% positive. Next also has advantage here as company has recovered it losses in 2009. Although if industry average is available then this ratio can be interpreted in a much good way but from the data available it is safe to say that the Next Plc is in way better position. Gross Margin Percentage The Gross Margin Percentage is one of the most widely used profitability ratios. It represents how much of sales revenue is spent on providing the goods or services sold. The result of the Gross Profit Percentage indicates what is left from sales revenue for operating costs and profit. Generally, the higher the figure, the better it is. The ratio at the start is 14.55 % and after four years it is 13.56 % as compare to NEXTs 28.51% to 30.38%. NEXT has advantage over the Debenhams in this area. Further there is decreasing trends of Debenhams compare with increasing one of NEXTs. Net Profit Margin Percentage The net profit percentage is the ratio of after-tax profits to net sales. It reveals the remaining profit after all costs of production and administration expenses have been deducted from sales, and income taxes recognized. In the early year it is 4.19 % and after 4 years it reached to 5.62 % as compare to NEXT which has 14.96% that reached to 16.84% at the end of 2012. Both the companies have increasing trend but overall position of NEXT is better. Further gross profit and operating profit of Debenhams has decreasing trend and it is surprising that company have increasing net profit margin. Possible causes could be non-operating income which is non-reoccurring nature Earnings per share The portion of a companys profit allocated to each outstanding share of common stock.ÂÂ  Earnings per shareÂÂ  serve as an indicator ofÂÂ  a companys profitability. Earnings per share are generally considered to be the single mostÂÂ  important variable in determining a shares price. The higher the ratio the better it is. Debenhams ratio at start is 0.09 and after the end of four years it is 0.10. Company ratio is consistent over the period and shows a good performance in that area despite the variation in the profit and increase in the expenses. The ratio is almost in two digits over the period. On the other hand Next start with 1.69 and ends with 2.55 which is way better so it is safe to say that NEXT take a lead here. Efficiency Analysis and Comparison of both companies Stock Turnover Period This ratio shows how many days a companys inventory is hold and replaced over a period of time. If the ratio is low it means cycle of purchasing raw material and turn to finished goods is very short and low investment in inventory and vice versa. The ratio start with 56 days and with changes during the period it ends with 62 days as compare to NEXTs 46 days at start and ends with 56 days . Debtors Turnover Period An accounting measure used to quantify a firms effectiveness in extending credit to its customers. By maintaining accounts receivable, firms are indirectly extending interest-free loans to their clients. So lower the ratio the better it is. Debenhams ratio at the start is just 4 days and at the end with a light change it reached to 3.6 days that is very good. Low ratio as in this case suggests that either major sale of the company is on cash or debtors management is extraordinary efficient. In either the case company is handling its debtors remarkably. On other hand NEXT has 52 days at start and ends up 60 days which is very high than Debenhams. Although industry average would help it better to analyses the concerned area but from the available data it would be safe to say that the NEXTs management regarding inventory is more efficient. Creditors Payment Period This is an estimate of the average time period taken for a Company to pay off its trade creditors. By maintaining creditors, company is indirectly taking interest free loans so the higher the ratio the better it is. The ratio at the start is 58 days and at the end of the period it changes to 57 compared with NEXTs 27 days at the start and ends up 30 days. Debenhams is managing its creditors better than NEXT. Further as compare to debtors it should be higher which is right in the case of Debenhams. Cash Conversion Cycle The cash conversion cycle is the length of time between a Companys purchase of inventory and the receipt of cash from accounts receivable. It is the time required for a business to turn purchases into cash receipts from customers. CCC represents the number of days a firms cash remains tied up within the operations of the business. A cash flow analysis using CCC also reveals in, an overall manner, how efficiently the company is managing its working capital. The lower the ratio the better it is. Company maintains a very efficient cash conversion cycle during the last five year. Debenhams ratio starts with 1.6 and it ends 8.1, although the increase is a negative impact but that is very slight. The company is managing its financial resources very well by restricting the cash flow conversion period to single digit. On the other hand NEXTs ratio start with 71 days and ends up with 87 days which comparatively very high. The main difference is due to the debtors turnover period. Financial Position Simply stating, financial position means the value of assets and liabilities of a company. In other words the overall financial health of a company in terms of its assets, liability and the capital. When the business is growing it becomes very vital to prepare monitor some key indicators of corporate financial position on consistent basis and to compare them with prior periods to ensure timely and appropriate corporate decisions. Lack of precise and timely information can result in severe consequences. Some of the important KPIs that should be monitored include the following: Current Ratio Current ratio measures a companys ability to pay its short-term obligations through its short term assets. Debenhams starts with 0.54 and with changes it ends up 0.63 compare with NEXTs 1.1 in start and 1.54 at the end, which means that for every 1 GBP of current liabilities the companies have 0.54 or at the end 0.63 and 1.1 and 1.54 respectively worth of current assets. Debenhams is facing liquidity issues as it has very low current ratio over the last five years. Quick Ratio The quick ratio is stricter test of liquidity as it measures a companys ability to meet its short-term obligations using its most liquid assets. If the acid-test ratio is much lower than the working capital ratio, it means current assets are highly dependent on inventory as in this case. This is not an ideal situation for a company to maintain such a low ratio. Debenhams starts with 0.17 and after five year it ends with 0.17compare with NEXTs 0.65 to 0.91. The ratio depicts that for every 1GBP there is 0.17 worth of liquid asset and NEXT has 0.91. Gearing Ratio It is used mainly for analyzing a companys capital structure and thus assessing the companys financial position in the long run. During the earlier years Debenhams ratio is very high which represents that company is under high debts which leads to high interest and low profit available to the shareholders. Company managed its debt effectively during the last three years and financial health has been improved a lot. In the start it is almost 88% and after the end of fifth year it decrease to just 27% that is very significant. On the other hand Next has same trend as Debenhams but NEXTs ratio is very high as compare to Debenhams. Interest Cover Ratio The interest cover ratio measures the amount of profit available to cover the interest payable by the company. The lower the level of interest cover the greater the risk to lenders that interest payments will not be met. If interest payments and capital repayments are not paid when they fall due there can be serious consequences for a company. The ratio of both companies is low during the earlier period which tells that interest cost is high during the said periods and there is not much available to the shareholders. The ratio afterwards improved a lot. Debenhams ratio in the start is 0.5 and with the passage of time it increases to almost 10% as compare to NEXTs 12.77% that increase to 25.99% which is very significant and appreciable. Dividend Yield The dividend yield compares the amount of dividend per share with the market price of a share, and provides a direct measure of the return on investment in the shares of a company. Debenhams has not declared any dividend in the last couple of years but the ratio is consistent. The distribution of the dividend depletes the retained earnings of the company. On the other hand NEXT has been declared dividend regularly which is positive sign and advantage over the Debenhams. Market price per share Market price is an indicator of the stake-holders view about the worth of the company. It just not shows the net worth of the company and the future expectation from the company. As it shows the intentions of the general public and determine through the forces of supply and demand. Market value of the companys share is 0.48 and after the four years it reached to 1.02 that is a significant improvement. It shows that net worth of the company is increasing. Next start with1.29 and ends with 2.77 which is multiple times greater than Debenhams. Vertical analysis of Balance Sheets Debenhams vertical analysis of current asset shows that there are ample resources available in the form of cash short term investment during 2009 and 2010. These resources can be managed to minimize the interest cost. Account receivable of both the companies has been increased over the period but managed well. Inventory also has been increased over the period of time in both companies but Debenhams inventory increased more than the NEXTs. Debenhams prepaid expenses have been comparatively increased. Overall both the companies managed their current asset very well except cash and short term investments by Debenhams. Both companies do not made any major investments in the property plant and equipment during the periods. Debenhams Intangible has been increase a lot, more than double over the period and on the other hand NEXTs intangibles have been decreased consistently. Debenhams long term investment has been decreased a lot; liquated almost all long term investment. On the other hand NEXTs investments have been increased. Overall current liabilities of Debenhams have slight changes and nothing important variation except the current portion of the long term loans but in case of NEXT it has been decreased over the period. Non-current liabilities analysis of Debenhams shows that long term loans has been almost paid in 2010 and then again raised in 2011 but the raised amount is much less than the amount paid during the period. NEXTs long term loans has been increased over the period. Other non-current liabilities have grown by 75% over four year in case of Debenhams and decreased by 24% in case of NEXTs. Over all non-current liabilities has no major variation except long term loans. Corporate Governance Corporate governance refers to the set of systems, principles and processes by which a company is governed. They provide the guidelines as to how the company can be directed or controlled such that it can fulfil its goals and objectives in a manner that adds to the value of the company and is also beneficial for all stakeholders in the long term. Stakeholders in this case would include everyone ranging from the board of directors, management, shareholders to customers, employees and society. The management of the company hence assumes the role of a trustee for all the others. The financial reporting council formulated and implemented the UK Code of Corporate Governance in 1992. The code of corporate governance not only helps to monitor the companies performance but also is responsible to attract investments, since the code applicable in UK is of the highest standard. The companies listed on stock exchanges of the country are liable to comply with the requirements of the code and are required to report on how they have applied the main principles of the code and in case of any deviation to disclose the same in their annual report. Hence it is explained on comply or explain The code of corporate governance sets out the standards on the composition and effectiveness of the board, risk management, committees, shareholders relations internal controls. The board (trustee) is responsible to shareholders for the overall direction and control of its company and specifically reserves certain matters for its consideration. In order to ensure the compliance with the principles of corporate governance the Composition of board represents executive and sufficient independent non-executive directors to evaluate the performance of the company. The principle board committee consists of following three committees: Audit committee Nomination committee Remuneration committee To ensure continuing compliance the board undertakes formal evaluation of its own performance and that of its committees and individual directors. The directors complete appraisals on matters relevant to the board, committee and director performance. A report is presented to and reviewed by the board. Consecutive board meetings are being held to evaluate the performance of the management independently from time to time. Further independent evaluation has been performed by the auditors of the company. Findings of the evaluation are being presented to the board and afterward to the shareholders. Compliance by Debenhams plc The board of Debenhams plc acknowledges its responsibility for the long term success of the company, groups strategy risk management. The board discloses its composition and any changes therein that might have occurred during the period. The board held five meeting during the period which were attended by all the directors and other relevant personnel Specific matters including the Companys business model and strategy, approval of financials, major investments decisions and other matters as required by the code to be undertaken by the board, were considered by the board. Operational decisions were delegated to the committees. The board confirms that there are clear divisions of responsibilities between the Chairman and the Chief Executive. Debenhams plc recognises that the non-executive directors have other business interests outside of the Company and that other directorships bring benefits to the board. The board states that In 2011 the performance evaluation was facilitated by Lint stock Ltd. This year an evaluation of the performance of the board, its committees, the individual directors and the Chairman was conducted internally. The board also identifies the fact that the board is responsible for ensuring that the Company maintains a satisfactory dialogue with shareholders. Compliance by NEXT plc NEXT plc identifies the fact that Effective corporate governance is essential to the success of business and states that the Group complied throughout the year under review with the provisions set out in the UK Corporate Governance Code. The Board includes four independent non-executive directors and the Chairman who bring considerable knowledge, judgement and experience to the Group. The board took major policy decisions whilst delegating more detailed matters to its committees and officers including the Chief Executive. The Board also ensured system of internal control and for monitoring implementation of its policies by the Chief Executive. A clear division of responsibilities between the offices of Chairman and Chief Executive as agreed by the board was set out in writing. The board has placed a formal system so as to disclose the interest of the directors in any matter. The performance of the Board, its non-executive directors and committees was formally evaluated during th e year. The evaluation was conducted by directors completing a detailed questionnaire, the results of which were compiled by the Company Secretary for review by the Chairman and the Board as a whole. Ratings given by the independent institute (CSRHUB) are 66 to NEXT plc and 58 to Debenhams plc. Corporate Social and Environmental Reporting The corporate social responsibility may be defined as the commitment of business to contribute to the sustainable economic development, working with employees, their families, the local community and society at large to improve their quality of lives. Corporate social responsibility is a concept that the organizations have a responsibility to consider the interests of the customers, the suppliers, shareholders, communities and the ecological considerations in all of their operations. It means the rights of the employees, suppliers, investors; other stake holders should be protected. The activities of the company should not harm the environment in the form of pollution. Every country has enforced such laws so as to ensure that the companies do not deviate from these moral and ethical principals so as to increase their wealth. Both the Companies are taking proper measures to ensure the corporate social and environment issues. There is number of agreements and commitments made to f ulfil the duties towards the people and planet and to make it a better place for living. Following are the major areas (i) Supplier code of conduct is designed to be ethical, achievable, auditable, and universal to promote the ongoing development of companies sources of supply. Such code ensures the timely, efficient and required quantity of raw material delivery and the supplier satisfaction and commitment owing to timely payments (ii) Legal Requirements were duly considered while building the code. (iii) Employment issues are properly handled like: (a) Appropriate employees and management training programs were held so as to acquaint them to the latest practices and procedures Employees compensation is fixed at an appropriate level so as to ensure employee are retained for a long period of time. Working hours are appropriate and are not excessive enough so as to deviate from the labour laws. (b) Employment of children is considered to be illegal (c) D isciplinary practices are implemented to ensure a professional and corporate culture. (d) No gender discrimination is practiced at all the work places (e) Providing a working environment in which our employees can develop to achieve their full potential and have opportunities for both professional and personal development. (f) Safety measures in consultation of professional organizations are implemented so as to ensure the lowest possible work place accidents (g) Employee group insurance is being provided so as to ensure relief in case of any accident. (iv) Appropriate steps are taken to ensure: (a) Customer Service Department incorporates effective procedures in place, for both Retail and Directory customers, for customers to contact through telephone calls, letters and email correspondence, to resolve enquiries and issues in relation to products, operation, policies or the service provide (b) Market research and direct customer approach practices are adopted t o have an insight into the customers perspective (c) For the satisfaction of the customers it is ensured that the quality of products is 100%. That product is safe and fit for their intended purpose. Products fully comply with all legislation and standards (iv) Environment issues are considered like controlling the pollution (v) Charity work has been supported a lot. NEXT Plc approached and delivered financial support to 350 charity organizations during the year and paid over three million pounds for the these activities. NEXT has also diverted its excess stock, that previously was dumped, to the charities which makes use of it for their benefit. NEXT Plc is also supporting scrap stores UK. NEXT has worked in partnership to support the work of Doncaster Refurnish for over 3 years. NEXT has also been engaged in collaboration with Oxfam Gmbt to support the social development activities. (vi) Workers representation should be sufficient (vii) Monitoring, Inspection and as sessment is made on regular basis Rating given by independent institutions Good Guide has given Debenhams rating of 5.7 out of 10for social responsibility as compare to 6.1 of next plc. Good Guide has given Debenhams rating of 6.4 out of 10 for Environment responsible as compare to 6.4 of next plc. CSRHUB has given Debenhams rating of 52 out of 100 for Basic corporate social responsibility as compare to 58 of next plc. Conclusion Recommendation: A prospective investor has to assess financial aspects of a company before he makes any investment decision. The fact that the non financial factors are also too important is not deniable. Based on our previous detailed analysis, I recommend the investor to invest in the shares of NEXT PLC over Debenhams PLC for the following reasons. (i) Better profit margins over the periods. (ii) Better liquidity position. (iii) Better return on investment (iv) Better financial position (v) Better corporate governance rating (v) Better Corporate, social and environmental rating

Analysis of Big Daddy Music Emporium - 962 Words

1. Executive Summary Big Daddy Music Emporium is a retail music store located in the southwest area of Las Vegas. Big Daddy Music Emporium sells and rents assorted musical instruments, provides music lessons for people of all ages, and provides instrument repairs. Through agreements with local school band programs and other networking, Big Daddy Music Emporium will be the exclusive music store for the entire Southwest Las Vegas area. This should significantly increase sales, lessons, and repairs, as band directors refer parents and students to our store through student participation in their programs. We will exploit the weaknesses of our competitors by becoming highly involved within the community through sponsored local events in order to turn one-time shoppers into loyal, lifelong customers. Our unique marketing strategies include our exclusive All Money Back trade-in program, where customers can receive the full purchase price toward upgrading their instrument; along with our Play and Pay donation pr ogram, where our store pledges to donate a portion of instrument sales and rentals to local school music programs. Big Daddy Music Emporium will target three market segments, band and orchestra instrumentalists, mariachi instrumentalists, and lessons for older beginners. All three of these groups are populous in Las Vegas. With an overall population of over 2 million residents, the Las Vegas Valley is still one of the steadiest growing areas in the United States, and

Socioeconomic Status And Family Function - 1543 Words

The factor of socioeconomic status and family function greatly influences the development of a child, both psychologically and educationally. What I found intriguing about a family’s SES is its effect on the family’s value base, functioning, and the upbringing of their children. The SES â€Å"combines three related, but not completely overlapping, variables: (1) years of education and (2) the prestige of one’s job and the skill it requires, both of which measure social status; and (3) income, which measures economic status† (Berk, 2013, p. 47). My interest wasn’t so much the linkage between SES and the timing of marriage or to family size, but its effect that’s transpired to children. The values and expectations of lower-SES families emphasize qualities in their children similar to obedience, politeness, and cleanliness, while higher-SES families tend to emphasize psychological traits such as curiosity, happiness, and cognitive and social mat urity. I’ve noticed the transparency of this linkage in my educational and occupational settings, which has now allowed to me to expose a greater respect for these value differences. This holds a true value for me as I’m a very observant person who likes to read into people by observing their body language, communication methods, and the values in which are emphasized more or less greatly than other individuals. Paying attention to these traits has provided me with the tools I need to communicate more effectively with people by valuing theirShow MoreRelatedHow Socioeconomic Status Affects Cognitive Development of Children1722 Words   |  7 Pages one of the important ones being socioeconomic status (SES). SES can be defined as a multidimensional construct, including measures of social factors such as power, prestige and hierarchical social status, and economic resources (Hackman and Farah, 2009). 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Awareness - 6564 Words

Fiction, Between Inner Life and Collective Memory. A Methodological Reflection. Franà §ois-Xavier Lavenne, Virginie Renard, Franà §ois Tollet1 Introduction In the writing of their fictional works, novelists often have to reflect on the functioning of memory, for memory lies at the heart both of inner life and of human experience in general. It is indeed in the works of writers such as Marcel Proust or Jorge Luis Borges that the best exemplifications of the subjective experience of memory are to be found. However, from a strictly mnemonic point of view, literature provides more than a means of reflecting on memory: it is also the site of the rebirth and construction of individual and collective memories, which can then serve as a foundation†¦show more content†¦Memories were first attributed directly to a collective entity by Maurice Halbwachs in his epoch-making La Mà ©moire Collective (The Collective Memory).5 This sociologist claims that all memory depends, on the one hand, of the group in which one lives and, on the other, to the status one holds in that group. To remember, one therefore needs to situate oneself within a cu rrent of collective thought.6 As a result, Halbwachs concludes that there are no purely individual memories, i.e. memories that would belong only to the individual, and of which the individual would be the unique source.7 We are therefore not the authentic subjects of attribution of our memories. 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The Palette Of King Narmer - 1522 Words

The Palette of King Narmer Stretching across ten countries and spanning over four thousand miles, the Nile River became the heart of Egyptian civilization. The lower (northern) Nile overflowed its banks several months out of the year before the creation of the Aswan High Dam in 1970. When the floodwaters receded, they left a new layer of rich silt behind, making the surrounding valley and delta a fertile and desirable habitat. As early as 8000 BCE, the people who inhabited the valley of the world’s longest river became relatively sedentary and in 5000 BCE they adopted the agricultural village life commonly associated with Neolithic culture. Throughout the Predynastic period, the North African climate was immensely dry. In order to combat this problem, many villages formed alliances that worked to control the river’s flow. Over time, these small federations of villages conquered and absorbed other weaker ones. As communities grew into chiefdoms, they began to advance rap idly toward refined civilization shortly after 3600 BCE. Egypt became a consolidated state at the beginning the Early Dynastic Period in 3000 BCE. According to legend, following creation, Upper Egypt in the south and Lower Egypt in the north were both unified under Menes. Originally a powerful ruler from Upper Egypt, Menes conquered Lower Egypt and became the first ruler to preside over a unified Egypt. The Palette of Narmer was created in the Early Dynastic Period between 2950-2775 BCE and is oftenShow MoreRelatedThe Narmer Palette : The Great Hierakonpolis Palette And The Palette Of Narmer1674 Words   |  7 PagesThe Narmer Palette, also known as the Great Hierakonpolis Palette or the Palette of Narmer, is one of the most significant Egyptian archeological find, dating from about the 31st century BC, it contains some of the earliest hieroglyphic inscriptions ever found in history. It is thought by some to depict the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the king Narmer. On one side, the king is shown with the bulbed white crown of Upper Egypt, and on the other side it shows the king wearing the red crownRead MoreFormal and Ekphrasis Analysis Of The palette of King Narme Essay835 Words   |  4 Pages The palette of King Narmer: Formal Analysis The Palette of King Narmer is a very small, flat 64 centimeters tall, shield shape palette that is believed to be used for holy ceremonies. Sculpt from smooth leveled siltstone. The siltstone is a soft yet dim color of gray. Small in scale, the palette is created with numerous intriguingly beautifully detailed carvings, and illustrations that fully decorate both sides. 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The Palette of Narmer, done around 3000 B.C. in the Predynastic Period, depicts King Narmer as the most important figure of the work. A system of hierarchical proportions is important to this piece. Narmer’s

Med terms Free Essays

By defining the word elements, one could define the medical words. Learning to combine and recombine the word elements into medical words is an integral component for those enrolling or practicing in the medical field. Word elements include prefixes, suffixes, and root or stem words. We will write a custom essay sample on Med terms or any similar topic only for you Order Now The stem or root word usually denotes the body part. Prefixes are placed before a root or stem word to modify the root or stem. Suffixes are placed at the end of a root or stem word to explain what is happening to the root or stem word. Below are examples of medical terms: Biology is the study of life and living things and bi/o means life; the o/logy means study of, when it is at the end of a word. Biolysis means the chemical decomposition of living tissue by the action of living organisms; lysis means decomposition, setting free, separation, destruction; thus, biolysis Cardiomegaly means enlargement of the heart; megaly means to enlarge; thus, cardiomegaly Neurotome means a fine knife used in the division of a nerve; -tom means to cut;-e means instrument (in this word) and/or noun marker; thus, neurotome. Pathoanatomy means the anatomical pathology; Path/o means disease, feeling, or suffering; thus, anatomy is the study of the structure of living organisms.[1] With the complexity of functions in the clinical area, it is imperative that a health care provider or those pertaining to the health team should know and understand these terms for easy accessibility and continuity of work. The use of medical terms has become the language in the clinical area, and so every health provider should understand in order to ensure that there is healthy communication between him and the client and within the health team. With the right knowledge and understanding of these medical terms, it is easier for the physician, or the nurse, or any health care giver to administer diagnoses and interventions and let the responsible subordinates carry out the task. The use of these terms is standardized which promotes integrity and clarity of information in the clinical area. Therefore, it is a must that there should be sufficient knowledge on these to promote optimum and faster delivery of care. [1] http://www.delmarlearning.com/companions/content/0766804917/script/sections1-18.pdf#search=’medical%20word%20elements’ Â   How to cite Med terms, Essay examples

Cmn 277 free essay sample

Frequency of cause: how many times you have been exposed into message a. Cumulative (more than one time) multiple b. Non-cumulative (base on taking one) 6. Nature of outcome a. Cognitive (do with fighting against what we believe) b. Affective (do with emotion or feeling) c. Behavioral (perform) EX. The table is soft, but I think it is hard (cognitive); â€Å"I don’t like tables any more† (affective); I will not buy it. (Behavioral) 3) Phases of effects research: research topics, theories, and typical research in the direct effects era, limited effects era, and conditional effects era 1. Direct effects era Research topics and theories a. Looking at political propaganda b. Media perceived to be influential c. EX. â€Å"Hypodermic needle† and â€Å"magic bullet† theories (media are powerful) Research: research focus on content of media; little research on media effects 2. Limited effects era Research topics and theories a. Why are media not powerful? b. Ex. Selective exposure and selective retention theories Typical research: survey and content analysis 3. Conditional effects era Research topics and theories a. Looking for more subtle effects b. Looking for conditions when effects may occur Typical research: broadened range of methods B) Research Methods Overview 1) Basic problems in media effects research 1. Problems of exposure: when someone consume the message, different level of exposure. 2. Problems of measurement 3. Problems of causality (you like to try everything) 2) Causal models: basic one-way model, supplemental models, and alternative causal models 1. Basic one-way model X- cause, independent (nature) Y- effect, dependent (depend on X) X Y 2. Supplement causal models The basic is right, but maybe two or more ways . Multiple causes model X X Y X b. Mutual causation model X Y c. Intervening model (not directly) X Z Y 3. Alternative causal models One-way model here is false a. Reverse causation model X Y b. Third-factor model X Y Z 3) Data collection methods: description, advantages, and disadvantages of content analysis, surveys, and experiments 1. Content analysis Numerical description of media a. Advantages Ident ifies what is in the media message that starts in message b. Disadvantages By itself, cannot demonstrate cause and effect . Surveys Asking representative sample, external validity a. Advantages 1) Representative sample of people 2) Measures naturally occurring events b. Disadvantages 1) Limited to questions 2) Cannot measure time order 3. Experiments Expose people to something: measure effects, internal, validity a. Advantages 1) Can observe/manipulate events 2) Can observe time order b. Disadvantages 1) Often uses limited sample of people 2) Artificial setting and situations C) Uses and Gratifications Theories 1) Uses and Gratifications defined and the uses and gratifications model 1. Defined What happens before and during media exposure helps determine the effects of exposure 2. Model Psychological forces: individual, what you believe Social forces: outside influence, from others or†¦ (Both happen at the same time) Reasons for exposure conditions of exposure: what do you feel media effects Example: Desire to vote correctly Professor urges you to engage in political process 2) Some reasons for media exposure (list of common media gratifications) 1. Surveillance Try to learn something, figure something out 2. Entertainment Look for to prove your mood 3. Interpersonal activity 1) You want to watch famous people, so you watch the TV show (2) You watch TV show, you want to talk to others about it. 4. Para social interaction We keep the relationship (you watch Opera, you believe her because she tells you what to do) 5. Personal Identity You watch TV show to improve yourself and expand your knowledge in the fields you are interested in. The similarity is between you and c haracters. D) Cultivation Theory 1) Constructed nature of social reality 1. The mind begins as a blank slate 2. Our reality is constructed for us by social interactions and institutions 3. Part of the reality we construct is based on television reality 4. Television reality is wrong 2) Television reality: what is wrong with it; the consistency of the patterns Entertainment television presents a distorted view of America and the world. 62% characters are male People under 18 are only 1/3 of actual People over 65 are only 1/5 of actual Crime is 10 times as common as actual Medical and criminal justice workers many times as common as actual 3% of TV characters are responsible for an older adult 3) The Cultivation process: parts of the process 1. Where attitudes come from Belief 1 Belief 2 attitude judgment Belief 3 EX. Beliefs and attitude toward police officers Police use brutality Police protect people Police abuse power 2. The cultivation model Viewer’s exposure to TV demographics 1) Exposure to TV demographics a. Who is on Television b. What they do and what happens to them 2) Viewers’ beliefs about people, places, and other social phenomena a. Who is out there in the world b. What they do and what happens to them 3) Views’ attitudes a. Based on beliefs about people, places, and other social phenomena b. We infer importance status, and relative social place; we make judgments c. Mainstreaming process 4) Further specifications 1. When does Cultivation not occur? a. When direct experience differs from TV b. When people view critically c. When the TV message is not uniform 2. When is cultivation most likely to occur? a. When the message resonate with direct experience b. When 5) Cultivation research: Content analyses and surveys 1. Content analysis of television 2. Survey research a. Exposure to TV b. Beliefs c. Attitudes 6) Criticisms of the theory 1. Difficult to establish causality 2. Too broad E) General Media Effects Theories 1) Social Learning 1. Overview We can learn behavior by watching other’s behavior 2. How it works a. Basic model: Attention to performance of behavior b. Important conditions 1) Identification with model 2) Model rewards/consequences 3) Situational motivations The situation should be the same c. Categorizing the theory 1) Causes change 2) Individual-level 3) Long-term 4) Non-cumulative (only need to see performance once) 5) Behavioral focus 2) Excitation Transfer 1. Overview The excitement we get from media content can exaggerate our feelings 2. How it works 1) Physiological arousal (transfer) Media content can be arousal Expose to arousing content 2) Exaggeration comes from misunderstanding the cause of arousal. 3) Categorizing the theory 1. Causes change 2. Individual level 3. Short-term 4. Non-cumulative 5. Affective focus 3) Exemplification A lot of times we see examples of people in news, we think about the represent issue, use the examples to judge issues. 1. How it works 1) People understand issues in terms of effect on other people 2) News stories supply examples of people and situations (exemplars); often extreme causes. ) People treat exemplars as typical cases 4) Exemplars are often easy to recall when a. No firm impression of actual situation b. Example created emotional reaction 5) Process Exposure to examples in News 6) Net effect: extreme, incorrect beliefs and judgments about social issues 2. Categorizing the theory 1) Causes change 2) Individual-level 3) Long-term 4) Non-cumulative 5) Cognitive focus 4) Dese nsitization a. The more you see bother the content, the less it bother you (content that used to bother you). b. How it works 1) Applies to affect-producing content 2) Basic model Repeated exposure 3) Outcome can be affected or behavior change c. Categorizing the theory 1) Causes change 2) Individual-level 3) Long-term 4) Cumulative 5) Affective focus (first) 5) Catharsis Not very supported, but very interesting media provide opportunity for us to add up emotions. (Media content lets us imagine away negative feelings) 1. How it works 1) We have negative experience 2) Media provide venue for fantasizing 3) Basic model Negative feelings 2. Categorizing the theory 1) Causes change 2) Individual-level 3) Short-term 4) Non-cumulative 5) Affective focus ) Reinforcement Some media content encourage us to stay as we are (media reinforces what we already think, feel and do) 1. How it works 1) Builds from 2 basic observations a. Not everyone reacts to media content b. Many people already behave as suggested by content 2) Basic model Exposure to content 2. Categorizing the theory (does not cause change) 1) Reinforces 2) Individual-level 3) Long-term 4) Non-cumulative 5) Cognitive/affective/behavioral focus F) Media Violence and Aggression 1) Basic models of violence effects 1. Exposure to violence in media Exposure Exposure Exposure 2. Exposure to violence in media 2) The research: content analysis, experiments, and survey studies 1. Content analysis (1) Count of violent acts Six percent of all TV shows have violence and have six hours (2) Perpetrators Good guys commit violence 3) Consequences (terrible) 70% of violent acts down, half of them show no harm or no pain. 4% content 2. Survey studies (1) One-time How much violence can you observe? Generally conducted on Children Ask teacher to measure the aggression in Children Ask children how much TV they watch Lots of TV= lots of aggression (2) Over-time 1961: increased exposure=increased aggression 1971: increased exposure=increased aggression Being exposed to violence= aggressive behavior (causal nature) 3. Experiment Field experiments: outcomes based on previous experience Look at previous behavior, control predict Violent is related to aggressive Trying to find out what people are doing naturally Less control 3) Criticisms of the research Causal model cannot show relationship with certainty Why is there so much violence? Easily produced Easily understood G) Sexually Explicit Content ) Issues in sexually explicit content research: the basic categorization scheme, kinds of dependent variables, ethical concerns 1. The basic categorization scheme (1) Sexually violent a. Sex involves in movies (2) Nonviolent degrading More or less can teach bad things for male and female relationship (3) Nonviolent non-degrading Love, equal power between (4) Nudity It is not real about sex (5) Child por nography 2. Kinds of dependent variables (1) Arousal What people will be like when show something? (2) Beliefs What people think about the sexual content? (3) Attitudes (4) Behavior What’s your sexual activity? Take safe or not? 3. Ethical concerns People do the content worries about 2) Effects of non-violent sexually explicit content: degrading and non-degrading content 3) Effects of sexual violence: what makes sexual violence different than other violence, typical sexual violence content types and exposure effects We only see it in media Typical sexual violence content types: the outcome 4) Criticisms of the research Hard to do this experiment H) Race in Crime News 1) Theoretical approaches to possible effects 2) Race and crime news: how various racial groups are depicted 3) Explaining differences in news coverage I) Mass Media and Gender 1) Theoretical approaches to possible effects 2) Remember audience differences 3) Entertainment media and advertising: content patterns, the role of media producers, research on effects of exposure to body images J) Media Media and Health 1) Theoretical approaches to possible effects 2) Representations of mental disorders 3) Representations of physicians: current and past 4) Entertainment-Education 5) Media Obesity: characteristics of common portrayals (of food and people), nutritional knowledge K) Public Opinion 1) Public opinion defined 2) Spiral of Silence ) Criticisms of Spiral of Silence We need more research, dont work very well in the USA. L) Agenda Setting, Priming, Framing 1) The agenda setting effect: the public agenda, the media agenda, how the media communicate the importance of issues, the basic model 2) Agenda setting research: survey research at one time, survey research over time, and experiments 3) Conditions that affect when agenda setting happens: individual differences and issue obtrusiveness 4) Issue priming: the priming effect and research Use the issue to judge the leaders 5) Framing: the news framing effect Does take in account what it said. M) Mass Media and Presidential Elections 1) Relationship between candidates and journalists 2) Patterson’s Game Schema Theory a) Hypothesis: general thesis and model b) Opposing approaches to elections: how journalists and voters approach elections c) Effects of this disparity d) Why this has occurred e) Strengths and weaknesses (criticisms) of the theory N) Effects of Internet Use 1) Internet use affects quality of interactions 2) Internet use replaces interpersonal communication 3) Internet use replaces traditional mass media People dont have recourses to do multiple things. You dont know when someone watching you. Internet people can get really diversity information III. Discussion section content since examination #1 A) Sex Roles on Television and Stereotype Threat B) Video game and music video findings C) Voter turnout trends and campaigns Important thing to know who tends to vote. Education level, race graphics Why? Old people are home, and others. VEP is better than the VAP Learn about the candidates and decide how you to vote Watch the news and look for issue information about the conditdates Want to decide how to vote I don’t want to become a police officer Viewer’s attitudes Viewer’s beliefs Performance of behavior Learning of behavior Exaggeration of feelings Arousal Examples used in beliefs and judgment about issues Recall of examples Acceptance of depicted behavior Reduced emotional response Perform Reduction of original feelings Various releases of feelings Exposure to others acting out feelings Predisposition reinforcement Aggressiveness Aggressiveness Social learning Aggressiveness Excitation transfer Aggressiveness Desensitization Fear

A New Joe on the Block free essay sample

A New â€Å"Joe† on the Block 1. What are the top three key decisions faced by Joe? a. Joe has to decide the best location for his coffee shop b. Joe needs the understanding of what makes a coffee shop popular c. Joe needs to know the coffee consumption pattern in United States. 2. What are the deliverables that an outside researcher should produce to help Joe with the Key decision? An outside research deliverables should be able to provide information either through exploration or descriptive research about key problems faced by his client, â€Å"Joe†.The intelligence that resulted from such deliverables should produce information like right location for coffee shops e. g. commercial areas might be more suitable for coffee shops than residential areas, what affects the popularity of coffee shop, whether it is the brand, services, products, consumer behavior and to what extent these variables have on the popularity of the coffee shops, and lastly, how often people consume coffee and what affects their consumption habits. The study that surveyed 100 consumers form a small organics shop provides some insight into the behavior of some adamant coffee drinkers, part of which can be used in understanding the attributes of popular coffee shops. The other studies show different opinion about coffee taste preferences from different locations. All these can provide some kind of understanding about the competitor’s landscape. 4. What flaws in the coffee taste studies should Joe consider in trying to weigh the merits of their results? The flaw in the first two taste studies is that the conclusions are based on opinion of single person and not a random sample that could reflect consistent pattern among the target consumers. Research based on a single person is not as strong as it would be if it were to be based on more of the target population. The taste studies also reviewed a sample of 100 people from an organic shop, which isn’t the market Joe would be targeting for his coffee shop. 5. Briefly relate this situation to each of the major stages of the marketing research process. If Joe wants to conduct a business research, firstly he needs the objective in this case that would be what kind of coffee people in United States like and which is the best possible place for his coffee shop. Then he needs to plan a research design and a sample study. Collecting and analyzing the data comes next. Surveying would be the most appropriate in this case. After analyzing the data Joe or his researcher can produce a report to conclude the study. 6. Try to do a quick search to explore the question â€Å" are american consumer preference the same all across the United States ? Search in the internet shows that Americans choice of coffee is not much different than one another. It may differ a little in terms of place but most of them go for instant coffee and majority of coffee-drinking Americans go for franchaise coffee shop and are loyal to them. The biggest franchaise in America are Dunkin’ Donuts, Starbucks, Mcdonalds. 11% of American adults go to Dunkin’ Donuts. Where as 13% of American adults go to Starbucks. 7. Would it be better for Joe to do the research himself or have a consultant perform the work? From the report of the research Joe will decide where to open a coffee shop, what kind of coffee he should produce and where to produce. I believe a hiring a specialist is much more suitable option in this situation. 8. If a consultant comes in to do the job, what are three key deliverables that would likely be important to Joe in making a decision to launch the Cup of Joe coffee shop? The three deliverables Joe is looking from his hired consultant would be; which place would be best for his coffee shop, what makes a coffee shop successful and which combination of price and quality most people in that region like most.

Gender Roles in Mexico free essay sample

This essay explores a number of issues relating to Gender Roles in Mexico. I have tried throughout to maintain an academic tone and reference accordingly, but in reality this is a reflective piece on a subject about which I feel strongly, and I’m sure it will read as such. In terms of research, I have used a combination of academic texts, a group interview and my own experience. The interview was conducted in a conversational manner with three Mexican women. They are all university students between the ages of eighteen and twenty-two, from reasonably well off families, and as such I cannot claim that they are in any way representative of the Mexican population as a whole. One of the points raised during the interview was the idea that, while Mexico still has a long way to go in terms of gender parity, things are in a constant state of change. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Roles in Mexico or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For this reason I decided to investigate some of the historical developments that have created the situation we see today. Gender roles, and more generally the family unit, are deeply ingrained within Mexican society, and whole volumes could be written about their origins and development. The analysis here, however, will be restricted to two policy changes during the 20th century which have been identified by feminist scholars as particularly important in shaping the norms that define the modern Mexican family. Vaughan (2000) notes that during the first half of the twentieth century Mexico was relatively progressive in throwing off nineteenth century patriarchy. She cites a worldwide trend away from a completely male centric model towards a more modern archetype, in order to cope with seismic changes in the global economic system. Jargon aside, it was recognized that basic levels of education and agency for women were now an economic necessity rather than a high minded ideal. Mexico’s relative progress in this area, according to Vaughan, was due to a need to control and placate a rebellious peasantry. It’s important to note here that this was a change purely in policy, and not representative of popular opinion at the time, but it did provide the beginnings of a legal framework in which a degree of female emancipation was possible. We can perhaps see these themes continuing in modern Mexico, which to an outside observer could seem very progressive: many women in higher education, a female presidential candidate, but that does not necessarily have the underlying cultural values to match. A second policy event occurred n the late 1950s, when a series of judges ruled in favour of women complaining against the treatment they had received from their in-laws (Varley 2000). Prior to this point, a married woman in Mexico became part of their new husband’s family; it was common for married couples to live with the husband’s parents, and in many cases women were treated as little more than servants. This ruling at first glance appears to give women greater agency, and to a certain extent that is true, but as Varley points out, it has also helped to define and strengthen the nuclear family that is so central in Mexican society today. This family structure in turn solidifies gender roles and has made further emancipation more difficult. Academic works such as the two cited above can often lose connection with the real world as their authors theorise and pontificate It should also be noted that neither are written by Mexican scholars and that feminist theory is one of the academic areas that has suffered the most from outside academics misinterpreting what they see in other countries . As such, their conclusions should be taken with a certain pinch of salt. However, I do think that the trends that these events helped to initiate can be seen in society today: an outward progressivity underpinned by some very conservative ideals and an overwhelming emphasis on the nuclear family unit. With the historical background addressed, albeit briefly, how then can we characterize the modern Mexican family unit, and the predefined roles within it? For me, one of the most interesting aspects of gender roles within Mexico is those pertaining to work. An article on the World Bank’s website highlights the growing number of working women in Latin America, in all levels of employment (World Bank 2011). This is corroborated by my interviewees, who feel that families in which both parents work are increasingly common in Mexico, indeed all three have working mothers. As discussed above, however, this does not necessarily signify a fundamental change in the way gender roles are viewed in a society. The women I interview are adamant that the mother in a family is still the one that ‘looks after the kids’. The World Bank raises this point too, pointing to the challenges faced by working mothers at all levels of society. The interviewees concur with my own observations of Mexican family life when they suggest that this distinction is one brought on from a very young age. Certainly by her late teens, a Mexican girl is subject to completely different pressures and expectations from her parents than a Mexican boy. The women tell me that the main expectation for a son is to find work and to support himself, and that, while families also hope for jobs for their daughters, this falls some way behind marriage and a family in terms of priorities. Relationships are hard enough to define within individual families, let alone on a general level. For example, one of the women says that she feels closer emotionally to her father than her mother, and yet still says that her mother has been the one charged with childcare and education. The general sense, however, seems to be of mothers teaching their daughters to do as they’ve done: that their chief responsibility in life is as a mother. The response to this problem in the World Bank’s article leaves me deeply uncomfortable. The article calls for flexibility in working hours and increased childcare provisions to help working mothers. This is obviously a great idea as a short term solution, but I cannot help but think that it only serves to further legitimise the already concrete family model that is the underlying source of the problem. Policies such as these accentuate existing divisions, separating men and women into two distinct individuals within the work place. One that does the ‘proper work’ and another that requires flexible hours and special treatment to be able to perform paid work alongside her true, god given task of raising children. Surely a far superior approach would be to encourage paternity leave, and flexible working hours for both genders. I stress again that in the short term, such policies are clearly better than nothing, but it concerns me that an organisation such as the World Bank makes no mention of any sort of long term strategy to address underlying norms. Apart from anything else, these tactics seem reminiscent of the policies from the fifties mentioned above, addressing symptoms rather than core problems, and ultimately serving to strengthen the values that are causing the problems in the first place. Momsen (2004) argues that additional pressures for women at work are felt particularly acutely in rural households. Many such households continue to subsist at least partially on home grown crops and animals, and this, more often than not, is considered to be part of the domestic sphere, leading to the following assumptions: firstly, it is women’s work and secondly, it does not count as ‘real’ work and therefore is expected to be done alongside formal employment. This leads to working women shouldering enormous workloads as they work full time weeks before coming home to more work in the form of childcare and household agriculture. A point that comes up during our group interview is the idea of jealousy over wages. The machismo inherent within Mexican culture means that for a man to earn less than his wife is a source of considerable shame. While at first glance this may not seem a particularly important problem, it can lead to considerable tension within the household and could arguably be a source of the domestic violence that my interviewees claim is rife within Mexican families. Momsen (2004) goes as far as to suggest that it is this jealously that provides the underlying motivation for the pandemic of femicide killings that has been occurring for years in Mexico, particularly in and around the northern city of Juarez. When this suggestion is put to my interviewees they reject it, but fail to provide an alternate solution. For my part I think it would be naive to suggest wage jealousy as the only cause, or even the main cause of the femicides, but it is not hard to imagine, in an area dominated by factories with a largely female workforce, how a culture of resentment could arise which could later lead on to the tragedy occurring today. As previously mentioned, the women I interview are all between the ages of eighteen and twenty-two, and one of the things they are keen to emphasise is the lack of freedom they are given compared to their brothers and male peers. It appears that in terms of freedoms (going out, relationships, sex) men and boys have the vast advantage in the Mexican family. Fathers, I’m told, tend to be particularly jealous and protective of their daughters. It is also very uncommon to see women of any age walking the streets at night. I ask how much of this is cultural, and how much is practical safety concerns. It seems to me fairly obvious that a large part of the father-jealousy-protectiveness-norm is simply a symptom of a macho, patriarchal culture, and the women agree, but at the same time, they do admit to feeling unsafe on the streets. This, of course, is a common theme in even the most progressively feminist countries, but it is interesting that the conversation then moves on to the practice of men shouting things at women in the street. I’m talking of course of the ‘compliments’ (for want of a better word) and ‘chat up lines’ that are endemic around the city, and Mexico as a whole. It brings back a memory from my own experience that I find particularly telling. During my first week in Mexico, Tec organised a tour of the city run by a local tour guide. During the tour one of the students asked the guide about this practice, explaining that she’d already been subject to quite a bit of shouting despite having only been there for a week. The guide, a middle aged man, smiled ruefully and told her she should take it as a compliment, that it was simply what Mexican boys and men did. This to me seems representative of the attitude taken by much of the male population to what is basically just verbal harassment: it is just a bit of fun, what is the problem? What conclusions can be drawn from all of this? In terms of equality within gender roles, Mexico is clearly improving. More and more women have access to education and are entering the work force. It also seems from my conversation with the three women that awareness and dialogue relating to feminist issues and gender roles is increasing. However, I cannot shake the feeling that despite all the good work being done, underlying inequalities are not being addressed. From the short sightedness of the World Bank to the attitude of the Guadalajara guide, it appears to me that despite all the change on the surface, something fundamental is not changing, or at least, not changing fast enough.